The purpose of citing sources is to give credit to the author and to enable a reader to find the material cited.

The library staff has created this guide to provide our students with examples for citing different types of sources. Students are encouraged to consult the official version of this citation style as published by the University of Chicago Press.

Always check with your instructor regarding any citation question!

These guidelines are based on The Chicago Manual of Style (15^th

Check with your professor about appropriate line spacing for your paper. Chicago Manual of Style states that when submitting a paper for publication “the entire text and, if possible, all extracts, notes, bibliography, index, and other material should be vertically double-spaced” (sec. 2.12, p. 61)

A bibliographic entry identifies the work in full. A note informs the reader of the particular location from which the writer has taken material cited in the text.

Some Notes on “Notes”

• Notes are numbered consecutively throughout the paper.

   

• The first reference citing a published work should include complete bibliographic information plus page number(s) for the specific citation.

   

• Ibid., which means “in the same place,” is used when references to the same work follow one another with no intervening references.

   

• Once a work is cited in full, subsequent references may be abbreviated with author, title, (if there are multiple references by the same author), and page number(s).

   

Examples:

     1.Patricia Nelson Limerick,The Legacy of Conquest: the Unbroken Past of the American West (NewYork:Norton,1987),91.

     2. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Desert Passages: Encounter with the American Desert (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985), 23.

     3. Richard White, ‘It’s your Misfortune and None of My Own’: A History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 32-33.

     4. Ibid., 37

     5. Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest, 127.

Flush and Hang Style

     In The Chicago Manual of Style, notes usually appear indented (3 spaces), paragraph style. The bibliography is set flush and hang. This means that the first line of each item is set flush left and following lines are indented (3 spaces) under it (sec. 2.29, p. 65). In the examples below, the first example follows the “Note” format and the second example follows the “Bibliography” format.

BOOK -- SINGLE AUTHOR

     1. Duane Vandenbusche, Early Days in the Gunnison Country (Gunnison, CO: B&B Printers, 1980), 91.

Vandenbusche, Duane. Early Days in the Gunnison Country. Gunnison, CO: B&B Printers, 1980.

BOOK – TWO AUTHORS

     2. Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers, Marble, Colorado: City of Stone (Denver: Golden Bell Press, 1970), 35-36.

Vandenusche, Duane and Rex Myers. Marble, Colorado: City of Stone. Denver: Golden Bell Press, 1970.

BOOK -- MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS

     In the note, give the name of the first-listed author, followed by “et al.,” an abbreviation for et alia (Latin) meaning “and others.” In the bibliography, list all authors. Only the first author’s name is inverted.

     3. Charlotte Marcus et al., Investigations into the Phenomenon of Limited-Field Criticism (Boston: Broadview Press, 1990), 14.

Marcus, Charlotte, Jerome Waterman, Thomas Gomez, and Elizabeth DeLor. Investigation into Phenomenon of Limited-Field Criticism. Boston: Broadview Press, 1990.

BOOK – CORPORATE AUTHOR

     4. National Research Council, U.S. -European Collaboration in Space Science (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998), 12.

National Research Council. U.S. -European Collaboration in Space Science. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.

EDITED BOOK

     5. George Eisen and David K. Wiggins, eds., Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994), 12.

Eisen, George, and David K. Wiggins, eds. Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994.

TWO MORE SOURCES BY THE SAME AUTHOR

     In the bibliography, titles by the same author are normally listed alphabetically.

Baker, Nicholson. “Deadline.” New Yorker, July 24, 2000, 43-61.

---. The Size of Thoughts: Essays and Other Lumber. New York: Random House, 1996.

CHAPTER FROM BOOK

     6. T. J. Ferguson, “Zuni Archeology and Culture History,” in Zuni and the Courts: A Struggle for Sovereign Land Rights, ed. E. Richard Hart (Lawrence, KS: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1996): 5-17.

Ferguson, T. J. “Zuni Archeology and Culture History.” In Zuni and the Courts: A Struggle for Sovereign Land Rights, edited by E. Richard Hart, 5-17. Lawrence, KS: Univ. Press of Kansas, 1996.

BOOK REVIEWS IN PERIODICALS

     7. Ann M. Little, review of A Shared Experience: Men, Women and the History of Gender, edited by Laura McCall and Donald Yacavone, William and Mary Quarterly 56, no. 3 (July 1999): 624-25.

Little, Ann M. Review of A Shared Experience: Men, Women and the History of Gender, edited by Laura McCall and Donald Yacavone. William and Mary Quarterly 56 (July 1999): 624-29.

ARTICLE IN A MULTIVOLUME ENCYCLOPEDIA

     For references to an article in a multivolume encyclopedia where the articles are arranged alphabetically, “cite the item (not the volume or page number) preceded by s.v. (sub verbo), meaning ‘under the word’” (sec. 17.238, pp. 715-16). Add the author of the article in parentheses after the article title.

     8. Stanley Sadie, ed., The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London: Macmillan, 1980), s.v. “Schumann, Clara” (by Pamela Suskind).

Sadie, Stanley, ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan, 1980. s.v. “Schumann, Clara” (by Pamela Suskind).

ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL

     “Most journal citations include volume, issue number or month, year, and page numbers. Although not all these elements may be required to locate an article, furnishing them all provides a hedge against possible error in one or another of them” (sec. 17.161, pg. 690).

The issue number, when provided, “follows the volume number, separated by a comma and preceded by no.” (sec. 17.163, p. 690).

     11. Rex C. Myers, “Railroads, Stone Quarries, and the Colorado State Capitol,” Journal of the West 39, no. 2 (2000): 37-38.

Myers, Rex C. “Railroads, Stone Quarries and the Colorado State Capitol.” Journal of the West 39, no. 2 (2000): 37-46.

ARTICLE IN A POPULAR MAGAZINE

     “Weekly or monthly magazines, even if numbered by volume and issue, are usually cited by date only. … While a specific page number may be cited in a note, the inclusive page numbers of an article may be omitted, since they are often widely separated by extraneous material. When page numbers are included, a comma rather than a colon separates them from the date of issue” (sec. 17.183, p. 698).

     12. David Masci, “Assisting Refugees,” CQ Researcher, February 7, 1997, 101.

Masci, David. “Assisting Refugees.” CQ Researcher, February 7, 1997, 97-120.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

     “Because a newspaper’s issue of any given day may include several editions, and items may be moved or eliminated in various editions, page numbers are best omitted. In a note or bibliographical entry it may be useful to add ‘final edition,’ ‘Midwest edition,’ or some such identifier. If the paper is published in several sections, the section number or name may be given. If the paper is published in sections, the section number or name may be given… For papers published on the Internet, adding a URL will show that an online edition was consulted” (sec. 17.188, p. 700).

     13. M. W. Browne, “Lasers for the Battlefield Raise Concern for Eyesight,” New York Times, April 26, 1988, final edition, sec. C.

Browne, M. W. “Lasers for the Battlefield Raise Concern for Eyesight.” New York Times, April 26, 1988, final edition, sec. C.

US GOVERNMENT REPORT

     14. Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Moving Toward Sustainability (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000), 6-10.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Moving Toward Sustainability. Washington, DC: GPO, 2000.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

     “References to conversations (whether face-to-face or by telephone) or to letters, email messages, and the like received by the author are usually run into the text or given a note. They are rarely listed in a bibliography or reference list… An email address belonging to an individual should be omitted (section 17.208, pp. 706-07.)

In a telephone conversation with the author on February 19^th, 2004, Dr. Cassie Saunders suggested that…

     16. Dr. Jay Helman, e-mail message to author, July 23, 2004.